Fluid Flow in Pipes Section 1: Lecture Notes

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Fluid Flow in Pipes Section 1: Lecture Notes

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1.5.3 Other Local Losses
Large losses in energy in energy usually occur only where flow expands. The mechanism at work in these
situations is that as velocity decreases (by continuity) so pressure must increase (by Bernoulli).
When the pressure increases in the direction of fluid outside the boundary layer has enough momentum to
overcome this pressure that is trying to push it backwards. The fluid within the boundary layer has so
little momentum that it will very quickly be brought to rest, and possibly reversed in direction. If this
reversal occurs it lifts the boundary layer away from the surface as shown in Figure 8. This phenomenon
is known as boundary layer separation.

At the edge of the separated boundary layer, where the velocities change direction, a line of vortices
occur (known as a vortex sheet). This happens because fluid to either side is moving in the opposite
direction. This boundary layer separation and increase in the turbulence because of the vortices results in
very large energy losses in the flow. These separating / divergent flows are inherently unstable and far…